Number Of Seeds Research Articles

Insight into the genomic diversity: Genome wide association study unveils the SNP diversity in horsgram germplsam

Genome wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify loci associated with three agronomic traits namely seeds per pod, pods per plant and number of seeds per plant of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum). Total 87 accesions of horsegram from different geographical regions of India and one wild relative from Australia were utilised for the genome wide association studies. The genotyping was carried out using genotype-by-sequencing technology and after high quality filtering, minor allele frequency of 0.05, a total of 55,656 quality SNPs were utilised for determining Marker-Trait Association. The LD decay varied across the chromosomes form 8 kb to 300 kb. Further, the population structure analysis has clustered the accession into three subpopulations. All the 88 accessions of horsegram were evaluated at Palampur (32.1109° N, 76.5363° E) and Bajaura (31.8465°N, 77.1605°E) locations of North-Western Himalayan region, India from. In the current study, 143 MTAs associations were observed for seeds per pod distributed on all 8 chromosomes, 2 for pods per plant at chromosomes 2 and 3 and 1 for number of seeds per plant at chromosome 7. However, total 11 stable QTLs (9 for number of seeds per plant and 2 for pods per plant) were also identified. These QTLs can serve as a potential source for marker assisted selection. The genes identified within and in proximity to the stable QTLs will serve as a bridge between genetic information and its practical application for crop improvement.

Optimum Transplanting Date for Rape Forage and Grain Yields in the Ridge Culture Place Planting System on the Yangtze River Delta

The ridge culture place planting system (RCPPS) is a promising technique for planting rapeseed that can promote the growth of rapeseed by late rice stubble, which has been widely adopted in the Yangtze River delta. To determine the optimum planting date for rape (Brassica napus L.) forage and grain yield in an intensive rice–rape rotation system, a field experiment was conducted with five transplantation dates (from 20 October to 30 November at 10 day intervals) in RCPPS. The forage/grain yield, nutrition, and growth parameters were analyzed. At podding, rape biomass yield was highest, and no significant differences were found among treatments. It was around 12.0% crude protein, 11.4% ether extract, 38.8% neutral detergent fiber, and 34.9% acid detergent fiber. In the treatments of 20 and 30 November, crude protein content increased and acid detergent fiber content decreased significantly. Compared with 20 October, the grain yield of rape transplanted in November decreased significantly by 17.2% to 22.5%. The grain yield was significantly correlated with the number of secondary branches, pods, and seeds. At the final flowering stage, rape transplanted in November had noticeably reduced leaf growth, rhizome width, and yield than 20 and 30 October. Overall, for multiple uses of rapeseed in the Yangtze River delta belt with RCPPS, it is optimal to plant in mid to late November for forage use with higher nutritional value, being coordinated with the previous rice crop, whereas late October is the appropriate planting time to obtain a higher grain yield.

Comparative characteristics of oat doubled haploids and oat × maize addition lines: Anatomical features of the leaves, chlorophyll a fluorescence and yield parameters.

As a result of oat (Avena sativa L.) × maize (Zea mays L.) crossing, maize chromosomes may not be completely eliminated at the early stages of embryogenesis, leading to the oat × maize addition (OMA) lines development. Introgression of maize chromosomes into oat genome can cause morphological and physiological modifications. The aim of the research was to evaluate the leaves' anatomy, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and yield parameter of oat doubled haploid (DH) and OMA lines obtained by oat × maize crossing. The present study examined two DH and two disomic OMA lines and revealed that they differ significantly in the majority of studied traits, apart from: the number of cells of the outer bundle sheath; light energy absorption; excitation energy trapped in PSII reaction centers; and energy dissipated from PSII. The OMA II line was characterized by larger size of single cells in the outer bundle sheath and greater number of seeds per plant among tested lines.

Rearing of Native Bumblebee Species Bombus haemorrhoidalis for Greenhouse Pollination in Pakistan

Greenhouse tomato production is a growing business worldwide, and it is strongly promoted by bumblebee pollination. Although there are over 250 bumblebee species worldwide, very few species have been reared successfully for greenhouse tomato pollination. Those successfully managed species, especially Bombus terrestris, are shipped around the world for commercial use. However, managed bumblebees are known to escape greenhouse facilities, have established local populations, spread disease to local bumblebees, and are blamed for the declines of some indigenous bee species. An alternative to shipping exotic bumblebees around the world is to develop local species for greenhouse pollination. Such an approach has the dual benefits of creating a new industry of insect rearing while reducing threats to local bee communities. In this study, we successfully reared Bombus haemorrhoidalis, which is the most common bumblebee species in Northern Pakistan, in a laboratory and compared its effectiveness as a tomato pollinator with that of commercial B. terrestris in a greenhouse. We found that the effectiveness of B. haemorrhoidalis in tomato pollination in a greenhouse is very similar to that of B. terrestris when it comes to the fruit size, number of seeds, and fruit weight. Our study provides an example of how to rear a native bumblebee species to pollinate local crops, which is a method that could potentially substitute the importation of non-ingenious bumblebees.

Correlation and Path Analysis Studies in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] under Arid Environment of Western Rajasthan

Background: Mungbean is an important grain legume crop. It contains a high amount of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The productivity of this crop is still low, hence efforts should be made to improve the yield of mungbean by keeping knowledge about association between seed yield and its components. Thus, the present investigation was aimed to determine the correlation and path coefficient analysis for seed yield and its attributing traits in mungbean. Methods: Seventy-nine diverse genotypes of mungbean were evaluated during Kharif 2017-18 for eleven quantitative traits in randomized block design with three replications at the Experimental farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan. Result: Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits studied indicating a considerable amount of variation among genotypes for all the characters. The seed yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod and pod length. The characteristics such as biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, plant height, 100-seed weight and days to 50 per cent flowering had high positive direct effect on seed yield per plant. Therefore, selection based on the traits viz., number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and pod length could help in enhancing the seed yield per plant in mungbean.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under Teak (Tectona grandis) Based on Agroforestry

At the research field of the College of Forestry, SHUATS, Prayagraj, UP, a field experiment was carried out in the Rabi season from November 2022 to March 2023 to determine the impact of integrated nutrition management on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment is set up using a randomized block design (RBD), with seven treatments that are duplicated three times using different treatments. The results showed that the highest plant height was 19.80 cm at the 30 DAS (days after sowing) interval, 46.43 cm at the 60 DAS interval, and 52.51 cm at the 90 DAS interval. At 30 DAS maximum number of branches (4.33), 60 DAS maximum number of branches (8.67), and 90 DAS maximum number of branches (12.33), maximum test weight (100 seed, hundred seed weight) (gm) (28.00), greatest grain output q/ha (14.51), highest DAS to flowering (79.14), highest number of pods per plant (no.) (32.27), and highest number of seeds per pod (no.) (2.23). Following the best straw yield per hectare (18.33), the highest harvest index percentage (44.18) and the highest benefit-cost ratio (2:91) were harvested. Maximum net return of 115,255 and maximum gross return of 154,855 respectively. The Treatment T7 outcome with the highest recorded result was 100%VERMICOMPOST + 0%FYM + 0%NPK.

Enhancing faba bean (Vicia faba L.) productivity through establishing the area-specific fertilizer rate recommendation in southwest Ethiopia.

The aim of this study is to establish area-specific NPSB (18.9% N, 37.7% P2O5, 6.95% S, and 0.1% B) fertilizer rate recommendations for the optimal grain yield of faba bean. The field experiment was conducted in two locations in the 2021 and 2022 cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The nine treatments included 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer rates. An economic analysis was conducted for grain yield using the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center procedure. The analysis of variance results showed that blended fertilizer significantly (p < 0.01) affected plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, hundred seeds weight, biomass yield, grain yield (GY), and harvest index. The combined location mean result showed that applying a 125 kg ha-1 NPSB rate produced the highest GY (4857.2 kg ha-1). The result of economic analysis demonstrated that applying a 125 kg ha-1 NPSB rate earned the highest net benefits (212824.0 ETB ha-1) and marginal rate of return (3653.43%). Therefore, a 125 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer rate is recommended for high yield and profitability of faba bean production in the study area and other similar soil types.

Penerapan Analisis Biomassa Shoot-Root Ratio dalam Memprediksi Hasil pada Genotipe Ercis

The economic and nutritional potential of peas makes them highly promising for development. Accurate yield predictions based on photosynthate allocation are essential for optimizing crop production. This study aimed to utilize shoot-root ratio biomass analysis to predict the yield of different pea genotypes. The research was conducted at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, located in Jatimulyo, Malang, East Java. The study utilized three pea genotypes (TMG-8-2, BTG-1, and BW-44181-3-1) planted in individual rows. The analysis involved calculating the shoot-root ratio and using simple linear regression to predict the results. The findings indicated that the shoot-root ratio varied over time, with the BW-44181-3-1 genotype displaying the highest ratio and the TMG-8-2 genotype showing the lowest. The shoot-root ratio exhibited the highest increase during the generative phase, peaking during pod maturation. Regarding yield variables, the results of the simple linear regression analysis revealed that the shoot-root ratio significantly influenced the number of pods planted (R2 = 88%), the number of seeds planted (R2 = 78%), and the weight of seeds planted (R2 = 90%) at 70 days after planting (DAP). An increase in the shoot-root ratio served as an indicator of the quantity and weight of seeds planted, as well as the number of pods produced.

Improving the growth parameters, yield, and oil quality of Camelina in rainfed farming due to the combined use of biochar and supplementary irrigation

The main concerns for agricultural production in the era are excessive crop cultivation, water scarcity, and poor soil quality. It is possible to amend agronomic soil with activated biochar (BC) to achieve high water-fertilizer availability and Camelina crop production under rainfed conditions by using an efficient and environmentally safe technology. A split plot experiment was arranged on a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. The main and second factors were supplementary irrigation (SI) and BC, respectively, with SI comprising of no irrigation (control), irrigation at the flowering stage and seed-filling stage, while BC included control (BC0), 5 (BC5), and 10 (BC10) t ha-1. The number of lateral branches and seeds in the silique, seed yield (2751.8 kg ha-1), 1000-seed weight (1.16 g) and oil yield (61.44%) were highest in response to irrigation at the flowering stage and the application of BC10. The gas chromatography analysis showed that the highest amount of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic, eicosadienoic and palmitic acids) was obtained in response to BC10 and irrigation at the seed-filling stage. Finally, the results showed that BC10 and the application of SI at the flowering stage increased the seed and oil yield, and unsaturated fatty acid content in Camelina. This study demonstrates that BC amendments can improve plant performance and preserve the environment, with significant implications for the alleviation of drought and sustainable Camelina production in arid regions. The study provides a practical way to produce Camelina in rainfed areas, which can benefit farmers economically.

Identification of superior and rare haplotypes to optimize branch number in soybean

Key messageUsing the integrated approach in the present study, we identified eleven significant SNPs, seven stable QTLs and 20 candidate genes associated with branch number in soybean.Branch number is a key yield-related quantitative trait that directly affects the number of pods and seeds per soybean plant. In this study, an integrated approach with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and haplotype and candidate gene analyses was used to determine the detailed genetic basis of branch number across a diverse set of soybean accessions. The GWAS revealed a total of eleven SNPs significantly associated with branch number across three environments using the five GWAS models. Based on the consistency of the SNP detection in multiple GWAS models and environments, seven genomic regions within the physical distance of ± 202.4 kb were delineated as stable QTLs. Of these QTLs, six QTLs were novel, viz., qBN7, qBN13, qBN16, qBN18, qBN19 and qBN20, whereas the remaining one, viz., qBN12, has been previously reported. Moreover, 11 haplotype blocks, viz., Hap4, Hap7, Hap12, Hap13A, Hap13B, Hap16, Hap17, Hap18, Hap19A, Hap19B and Hap20, were identified on nine different chromosomes. Haplotype allele number across the identified haplotype blocks varies from two to five, and different branch number phenotype is regulated by these alleles ranging from the lowest to highest through intermediate branching. Furthermore, 20 genes were identified underlying the genomic region of ± 202.4 kb of the identified SNPs as putative candidates; and six of them showed significant differential expression patterns among the soybean cultivars possessing contrasting branch number, which might be the potential candidates regulating branch number in soybean. The findings of this study can assist the soybean breeding programs for developing cultivars with desirable branch numbers.

Effect of Gamma Rays on Growth, Yield and Yield Components Eight Traits of Flax Genotypes Linum usitatissimum L

A field experiment was carried out at agricultural field in al-Alam district\Sallahiddin Governorate during 2020-2021 season to study the Creation of genetic variations in the flax crop as a result of gamma rays. The study factors included four levels of gamma rays, which were 0, 9, 18 and 27 Gy and six genotypes of the flax crop, which were Sakha1, Sakha2, Sakha3, Giza8, Syrian and Poloni, use a completely randomized block design with split plot system and was used three replications, traits studied were Duration to 50% flowering  and Duration of days to maturity, Plant height, Leaves ratio, Number of vegetative branches, Number of capsules Number of seeds, 1000 seeds weight, Plant yield and seed yield.The results of the study indicated that gamma rays had a significant effect on all studied traits, comparison treatment gave a lower value from the number of days to flowering 50% of plants and days to maturity (110.24) and (155.05) days, respectively, while the plants irradiated with the level 9 Gy recorded a significant superiority in the percentage of leaves (21.46) %, while the non-irradiated plants outperformed in the rest of the studied traits. the genotype Sakha1 gave the highest average mean in characteristics of number of vegetative branches (3.63) branch plant-1, number of capsules per plant (54.35) capsule plant-1, individual plant yield (2.22) gm plant-1, and seeds yield (433.63) kg ha-1. As for the interaction, it was significant through the non-irradiated Sakha1 genotype, which gave the highest value of the characteristics of the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, individual plant yield and total seed yield (62.22) capsule plant-1 9.96 seed capsule-1 (2.89) g plant-1 (578.60) kg ha-1, respectively.

IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND SEED GROWTH OF EXPIRED CAYENNE PEPPER (Capsicum frutescens) THROUGH INVIGORATION TECHNIQUE USING YOUNG CORN EXTRACT

One of the problems in companies engaged in the seed. Production is the large number of seeds that can not be sold immediately or accumulate in storage warehouses resulting in expired seeds. Seeds in this condition will experience deterioration and decrease in quality so special treatment is needed to improve their physiological quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the physiological quality and growth of expired cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) seeds through invigoration techniques using young corn extract (Zea mays). The research was conducted in the laboratory and Green House of Seed Production Techniques, Polytechnic of Jember, using the Non-Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with the concentration of young corn extract (K) as the treatment factor. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by DMRT level of 5%. The K factor consists of 5 levels, namely K02 (without soaking in young corn extract), K1 (20% of young corn extract), K2 (25% of young corn extract), K3 (30% of young corn extract), and K4 (35% of young corn extract ). The results showed that the use of young corn extract for expired cayenne pepper seeds invigoration had a significantly different effect on the parameters of growth synchrony and vigor index, and had a very significant effect on the parameters of germination power, maximum growth potential, and growth speed. These results indicate that young corn extract is capable of acting as a bio-invigorator in improving the physiological quality of expired seeds.

Response Two Cultivars of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) to Phosphate Fertilization Level and Bacterial Inoculum

The research was conducted during season 2020 in Al-Shallalat area, 5 km northeast of Mosul. The study included three factors, namely, the treatment of seed soaking with water and the bacterial inoculum, two local cultivars of chickpea: large seeds (Kabuli) and small seeds (Desi) and three levels of phosphate fertilization (zero, 50 kg, and 100 kg P2O5. h-1). The study was conducted according to the factorial experiment system, in (R. C. B. D) design. In three replication, some traits of plant are obtained such as: plant height (cm), the height of the first pod above the ground (cm), pod length (cm), number of seeds/ pod, number of pods/plant (total), number of pods/plant (full) number of pods cleavage (empty), percentage of yield, the weight of 100 seeds (g), biological yield (g/plant), Seed yield (g/plant) and harvest index. The results indicate a significantly excelled of the treatment of soaking with bacteria inoculum on the treatment of soaking with water for all the studied traits. And highly significantly excelled in most of the studied traits of Kabuli over Desi cultivar. Most of the binary and triple interactions recorded a significant difference between the bacterial inoculum and the seeds of the Kabuli cultivar.

Growth and seed yield of seven fennel cultivars with two types of ploughing systems

A field experiment was carried out in Abu Ghraib district-Baghdad Iraq, to evaluate 7 fennel cultivars with ploughing systems. Two tillage systems (tillage and no-tillage) were allocated to main plots, while 7 fennel cultivars: Amigo, Azuria, Dollap, Hannan, Romanesco, Sahoo and Sajjet were allocated to subplots. Characteristics that had been studied were plant height, number of branches, number of umbels, number of umbellates, number of seeds per umbellate, stem diameter, weight of 1000 grains, and seed yield per ha. Significant results were with the no-till system in plant height (134.97 cm. plant-1) and number of umbels (43.56 umbel plant-1). The tillage system's significant results were in the number of seeds, weight of 1000 seeds (8.72 g), and yield per ha (490.03 kg ha-1). Hannan-cultivar remarks yield per ha (742.99 kg ha-1) and 1000-seed weight (10.90 g). Azuria-cultivar remarks on number of seeds of umbellets (24.44 seeds umbellate-1). Romanesco-cultivar remarks on the number of umbels (48.72 umbel plant-1). Therefore, cultivars varied in showing their latent ability through their performance with their phenotypic characteristics. Hannan cultivar was optimal in results that gave the highest seed yield. Thus, it can be entered into a crop breeding program with other cultivars that have outperformed in other characteristics.

Analyze the Seed Quality of &lt;em&gt;Capsicum annum&lt;/em&gt; (Clv. GROSSUM) by Maintaining an Optimum Number of Fruits Load in the Plant

Capsicum annum, commonly known as bell pepper, belongs to the Solanaceae family, specifically the Grossum Group. Various cultivars of this plant yield fruits in diverse colors, such as red, yellow, orange, green, white, and purple. The quality of Capsicum annum seeds is closely tied to the quantity of fruits produced. It was observed that as the number of fruits per plant increases, the seed quality tends to decrease. The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between seed quality and the number of fruits per plant. Awareness of the optimal fruit yield achievable with high-quality seeds can reduce the cost associated with hybrid seed production. The study utilized fruit development in plants as the treatment, with fruit load categories ranging from 8–9 fruits/plant to more than 18 fruits/plant. A completely randomized design with ten replicates was employed, and hand pollination of Capsicum annum exhibited a success rate of 75–80%. Various parameters, including the dry weight of seeds per pod, seed number per pod, seed volume, dry weight of 1000 seeds, seed germination, and viability percentage, were recorded. While the number of seeds per pod, seed germination, and viability percentage remained unaffected by the fruit load of plants, other selected parameters were influenced. The seed volume was recorded as the number of seeds per gram, with the lowest value considered the best. The treatment with 13–15 fruits/plant demonstrated the highest number of fruits and the best seed quality. Observations indicated the following values for this treatment: dry weight of seed per pod (0.533g), seed number per pod (86 seeds), seed volume (147 seeds), dry weight of 1000 seeds (7.45g), seed germination percentage (85%), and viability percentage (86.33%). For Capsicum annum (Cultivar: Grossum), it is recommended to maintain 13–15 fruits per plant in a greenhouse setting to ensure the production of high-quality seeds.

ЭНОКАРПОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ГРОЗДЕЙ И ЯГОД НЕКОТОРЫХ АБОРИГЕННЫХ И ИНТРОДУЦИРОВАННЫХ СТОЛОВЫХ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СОРТОВ ВИНОГРАДА, ВЫРАЩИВАЕМЫХ В УСЛОВИЯХ АБШЕРОНА

The article presents the results of studying the enocarpological characteristics of bunches and berries of local and introduced table and wine grape varieties cultivated in the Absheron region. In the course of the studies, it was found that indicators such as bunch weight, stem weight, skin and pulp residue, juice yield, and the amount of solid residue varied over a wide range depending on the grape variety; in particular, large, medium and small bunches were observed. During the research, it was found that such table and technical grape varieties as Tuya-tish, wild form 2, Alphonse Lavallee, Nagshebi, Digah kechimemesi, Gyozel uzum, Ganjavi, Digah gorasy, Ag Kharji, Uzun salkhym, according to enocarpological indicators (bunch weight, stem weight, skin and pulp residue, juice yield, percentage of seeds in the berry, weight of 100 seeds, solid residue) were noticeably different from other varieties. In the studied table grape varieties, the enocarpological parameters varied over wide ranges, the average weight of the bunch was 210.0-974.0 g, the weight of the stem concerning the total weight of the bunch was 0.7-9.6%, the residue of the skin and pulp was 18.0-40.0 %, juice yield – 51.0-72.7 %, seeds – 2.4-10.8 %, amount of solid residue – 27.3-49 %, and weight of 100 seeds – 2.7-14.0 g. In wine grape varieties, these indicators differed from table varieties. They were estimated as follows: bunch weight 178.7-548.0 g, stem weight concerning the total weight of the bunch – 1.8-6.5 %, the skin and pulp residue – 14.7-31.6 %, juice yield – 64.1-76.2 %, seeds – 2.7-7.4 %, amount of solid residue – 23.8-43.0 %. The highest weight of the bunch, stem, remaining skin and pulp, number of seeds, weight of 100 seeds, and the lowest juice yield were noted in table varieties; for wine grape varieties, this ratio was the opposite. Key words: GRAPE VARIETIES, LOCAL VARIETIES, ENOCARPOLOGICAL INDICATORS, BUNCH, BERRIES

Fire effects on the reproductive potential of two dominant woody species along an elevation gradient in central Argentina

Fire and elevation affect reproduction of woody species and, therefore, their distribution in the landscape; however, the effect of both factors are often confounded. In addition, plant size may also influence reproduction. Our objective was to investigate the combined effects of fire, elevation and pre-fire size on woody species reproductive potential in a seasonally dry mountain ecosystem. We tested the predictions that fire and elevation impair reproductive potential and that the negative effects of fire are enhanced at high elevation. Our study was carried out in the mountains of central Argentina, from 800 to 1700 m a.s.l. We selected individuals of two dominant resprouting woody species (Vachellia caven and Lithraea molleoides) in burned and comparable unburned areas. We estimated pre-fire size and fire damage level in each tree. We monitored parameters related to reproductive potential during four post-fire fruiting seasons in 185 V. caven and 78 L. molleoides trees. Our main results for V. caven show negative fire effects on most reproductive parameters, and on the expected number of germinable seeds per tree, which was estimated as an integrated parameter. The negative fire effects decreased over time until the fourth post-fire fruiting season, when we detected almost no fire effects. Moreover, the negative fire effects were greatly enhanced with elevation, while pre-fire size showed consistently positive effects on most reproductive parameters. For large trees located at low elevation, fire reduced the number of germinable seeds per tree by a factor of nearly six in the third post-fire fruiting season (from 2020 to 358 seeds), while at high elevation fire reduced germinable seeds by a factor of 15 (from 106 to 7 seeds) for similarly large trees. Small trees had a lower reproductive potential than large trees and the negative effects of fire were smaller but noticeable, and were enhanced by elevation, as in the case of large trees. For L. molleoides we found similar patterns to those of V. caven; however, since few trees produced seeds during the study, we did not compute formal statistics. We conclude that fire reduction should gradually increase reproductive potential, tree density and forest cover at high elevation, even when, according to previous studies, survival is not affected by fire or elevation in the study species.

Оценка исходного материала и идеатип чины посевной в засушливых условиях нижнего Поволжья РФ

The results of screening of a model population of the Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) are presented. The results of the study made it possible to establish the manifestations of the parameters of selection traits and their variability in the model population in the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region of the Russian Federation. The magnitude of the influence of factors on the manifestation of traits (genotype, growing conditions, interaction of factors) and their contribution to the overall variability has been established. Forms with high values of crop structure elements were identified: by the number of beans per plant, by the number of seeds per plant, by the mass of 1000 seeds, by seed yield (1,80-2,27 t/ha), by green mass yield (14,29 -21,77 t/ha). The parameters of the ideal type of grasspea variety adapted for cultivation in regions with arid climates are presented. Keywords: GRASSPEA, FACTOR, CONTENT, PARAMETER, YIELD

The patterns of inbreeding depression in food-deceptive Dactylorhiza orchids.

Inbreeding depression (ID) in food-deceptive plants have been reported previously, however, it has not been often proven that selfed seeds germinate better than outbred ones or that selfing affects ID. To resolved these issues, food-deceptive related Dactylorhiza majalis, D. incarnata var. incarnata and D. fuchsii orchids were investigated. Hand pollination treatments and control pollination were conducted. Fruit set, number of seeds per fruit, seed length, number of well-developed seeds per fruit, and proportion of in vitro asymbiotic germination seeds, were analyzed in relation to inflorescence levels and used as fitness indicators for these orchids. The ID and pollen limitation were measured. The lowest ID (δ = -1.000) was in D. majalis, and present in combination with a high pollen limitation in its populations. D. fuchsii showed higher ID (δ = 0.366), and D. incarnata var. incarnata weak ID (δ = 0.065), although ID varied between its fitness components. The seed number per fruit differed significantly between the treatments and the inflorescence levels in treatments. This study emphasizes that the breeding system rather than the flower position on the inflorescence shaped the quality and quantity of reproductive output. The ID and its effect on germination of food-deceptive orchid seeds undoubtedly played an important role.

Sources of fungal infection of winter wheat grain in the forest-steppe of Samara region

Relevance. Among the pathogenic microflora of cereals, seed infection occupies the most important place, in this regard, the search for any ways to reduce it is very relevant.Methods. The research was conducted at the VSRISSG — Branch of SamSC RAS on seeds of 3 varieties of winter soft wheat of 2020 harvest, selected at different stages of harvesting and post-harvest grain processing: from ears before harvesting, from the harvested crop from under the combine and after grain processing on the seed cleaning machine Petkus К-531. Seed infestation was determined according to GOST 12044-93. After identification of phytopathogenic fungi, their percentage frequency of occurrence and relative abundance were calculated.Results. Seed infestation after combine harvesting increased for all varieties on average by 9.2%, and after grain treatment on Petkus — by 6.2% compared to seeds sampled from ears. The saturation of crop rotations with cereals from 30 to 50% lead to an 8.7% decrease in the number of healthy seeds in the samples (from 37.0 to 28.3%). Seeds were most often infected by fungi causing moulds with the frequency of occurrence from 32.9 to 39.1% and relative prevalence from 40.8 to 55.2% depending on the stage of harvesting. Moreover, the content of this group of mushrooms decreased during harvesting (compared with grain from ears) by 6.2% after harvesting by a combine harvester and by 3.4% after grain processing. During combine harvesting, the frequency of occurrence of fungi Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. it increased by 4.7–4.8% on seeds, and after cleaning it decreased again, but it was still 1.5–2.4% higher than on seeds from ears.